1. High-pressure water passes through the nozzle, forming a high-pressure microjet.
2. The laser passes through the glass window and focuses within the nozzle orifice, coupling with the water jet.
3. The laser energy is confined by the water jet (“hydro-optical fiber”), forming a high-energy-density laser microjet.
4. The laser microjet interacts with the material, causing thermal ablation that is carried away by the water flow.
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